`` Confessions Of A Workaholic `` By Wayne Oates - 1652 Words

One in four workers can be classified as a â€Å"workaholic† nevertheless; it is still vastly underestimated in the damages it can cause (Griffiths, 2011). Workaholism has been coined as the respectable addiction and the hard working man’s disease; however, workaholism is a deadly disease that affects the workaholic, their family, friends, and even coworkers. The Japanese term for workaholism is karoshi and is estimated to kill over 1,000 deaths a year (Williams, 2012). The definition of a workaholic remains vague and unconstructive; however, the symptoms and manifestations can be quite clear. Merriam-Webster defines workaholic as â€Å"a person who chooses to work a lot: a person who is always working, thinking about work, etc.† In 1971, Wayne E. Oates coined the term â€Å"Workaholic† in his novel, Confessions of a Workaholic. Wayne Oates was an American psychologist and religious educator. Oates asserts that working can become an addiction just as alco hol (Oates, 1971). A major contributor to the problem is the belief that hard work leads to greater wealth (Williams, 2012). Workaholism is considered by many to be a respectable addiction and a positive thing. These people lack understanding into the true nature and dangers of this addiction. Numerous myths surround workaholism including: workaholics are always working; no one ever died of hard work; Workaholism only adversely affects the workaholic (Fassel, 1990). It is imperative that a distinction be made between workaholism and

The Colonization Of North America Essay - 1545 Words

During the sixteenth century European pilgrims migrated across the Atlantic Ocean to settle in North America. North America had just been introduced to the Western Civilization. The America’s were home to the indigenous people, that were made up of several tribes that were called Indians by the early settlers. Together the Indians and settlers began to thrive. Growth and development in the new world was made possible by the abundant amount of natural resources. These early settlers had a major influence on the joining of these two cultures. Settlers started to inhabit and populate along the east coast and moving north and south. They began organising into colonies and called themselves colonist. Colonist enjoyed freedoms and opportunities that they never had. Owning land was never possible in the colonist previous civilization. Colonist were also free to decide how they wanted to make a living unlike the peasant life that many of them had known before. One of the b iggest reasons the colonist were so enthusiastic because they got to worship how they wanted. They were finally able to practice and believe in God to their best understanding. For centuries very few people have had this right, to worship as they desire. One can see why the colonist lived with so much passion and pride in this new life style. During the 1700s there began to be uneasiness and frustration amongst the colonist. Much of the frustration grew because of the unfair dominion thatShow MoreRelatedSpanish Colonization Of North America993 Words   |  4 PagesSpanish Colonization of North America In 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, Spain had discovered its next easy conquest. With North America added to its territory Spain had surpassed ancient Rome as the largest empire. Exploiting the land, labor, and minerals Spain quickly conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the Southwest. Spain used its new wealth to help finance their war in Europe. With promises of riches and many natives to convert to ChristianityRead MoreThe Colonization Of North And South America1295 Words   |  6 PagesIn the  Spanish, French, and European colonization of North and South America, it either benefited or ravaged tribal societies and their peoples. Through the 16th-19th centuries, the Native Americans populations declined in the following ways:  epidemic diseases  brought from Europe; violence  and warfare. During the prospect of exploration, Thomas Jefferson viewed American Indians as people with the possibly of â€Å"Enlightenment† and from a political standpoint either they were enemies of war or alliesRead MoreThe Colonization Of Europeans Into The North America1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe time period between the 1600s and 1700s was a time of a major change in the land of the New World. The colonization of Europeans into the North America had considerable impacts on the Native American lives. European empire at the time, such as the French, England and Spanish empires, often fought against each other for power and control. After the European tried to colonized, the Native American suddenly found themselves dealing with European power politics. The arrival of Europeans into theRead MoreThe Impact Of The European Colonization Of North America871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish and the European settlers that came to the North America took on the east coast part of this region. Wherefore, there were many different Indian tribes that existed in this place whom spoke different languages, practiced different c ustoms, and used different techniques in raising their own crops and hunting livestock. It was a mix of people who were better at farming while others were better at agricultural activities. Some people involved in war while some did not. As for my exampleRead MoreRacial Solidarity and The Colonization of North America Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe colonization of North America is not a pretty story, to say the least. In order to colonize the land, the Europeans had to use slaves for manual labor; whether it be the African slaves in Barbados and Chesapeake, or the Native Americans mining for gold, or even orphan children working on farms. The colonial elites had to use force, persuasion, threat, and deceit to accomplish their goals and maintain control. Throughout history, we see many occasions in which one race enslaves another. But hasRead MoreEnglish Motives for Colonization in North America Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesIsland colony in 1587, awakened popular interest in a permanent colonizing venture. Still others looked for the much-sought-after route to the Orient in North America. In addition, the New World provided new resources and land that was desired by the English people. The Renaissance also played a vitale role. In many ways, it promoted colonization and exploration. A revival in classical learning sparked interest in geography and curiosity in the rest of the world. So with the aid of the faithful compassRead MoreThe Impact Of European Colonization On The Aboriginal People Of North America877 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean colonization has had a profound and lasting impact on the aboriginal people of North America. As much as 95% of native Americans perished due to their susceptibility to European diseases such as smallpox, measles, and tuberculosis. In David Jone’s Virgin Soil Revisited, he concludes that their astronomically high death rates were due to environmental and social factors such as malnutrition, warfare, and slavery brought upon by the Europeans. This legacy of colonization continues to hauntRead MoreExploratons and Colonization of North and South America Essay examples916 Words   |  4 PagesExploration and colonization of North and South America were ultimately not beneficial in the 15th and 16th centuries because it wiped out many cultures and did more harm than good. First of all, the Europeans forcibly converted the Natives to Christianity. This had a great negative impact because it resulted in the loss of native cultures. Over time, many Native American languages started to disappear from common use and English took over. Many may argue that colonization and exploration were importantRead MoreAmerican History And The Colonization Of North America By Daniel K. Richter1130 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans are taught one narrative of the colonization of North America; it is the European or white man’s version of events. Children all over the United States see pictures of Indians ba rely wearing clothes and wearing headdresses covered in feathers and larger than the very heads they sit on. Though, this narrative is not contained to inaccurate history books it is represented in books, movies even advertisements. Time and time again Indians are portrayed as savages who lack morals and are devoidRead MoreThe French Indian War And The American Colonization Of North America1326 Words   |  6 Pagesculture were traded between the New and Old Worlds, but causing widespread sickness among the Native American population. The English asserted their own presence in the New World by creating colonies stretching up and down the eastern coast of North America. However, mostly due to issues and events in Europe, the British left the colonists to their own devices (salutary neglect) and they prospered until the French-Indian War (1754-1763). The spirit of independence cultivated in the American colonists

Online Book Shop User Interface Design †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Online Book Shop User Interface Design? Answer: Introducation The online book shop holds a few display of their enduring and brief accumulations. The online book shop tracks data about their persistent data. Recently, the online book shop experts wanted to give some multimedia as well as sound based interface which provides data about their accumulations to the guests of the online book shop. In this way, they planned to give some data booths and tablets to their guests. The tablet interface will have a few pre-characterized way that might be trailed by the clients to visit the online book shop. Then again, a client can choose some irregular ways. In this way, there will be an intuitive guide based assistance to wander around the online book shop. Furthermore, the tablet will be utilized to provide data about the things within the online book shop. A client can look for a specific thing too. The tablet ought to deliver data about the areas of things and offices (Banga, 2011). There ought to be a support in the tablet interface to decide the mos t limited course to few items in the online book shop from the present position of the client. Moreover, there ought to be a complete support for different dialects and clients of each and every age group. The planning interfaces for online book shop tablets ought to cover each and every prerequisite expressed and discussed above (Bodker, 2014). This venture is about the planning of the legitimate UIs for the tablets which will go with clients in the online book shop. Scope The online book shop wants to offer a point by point data about their accumulations in a media designed inside the online book shop. The online book shop centres caretakers have introduced data that stand everywhere throughout the online book shop to deliver data on the individual products or items available at the online book shop's permanent collection (Carey, 2011). The data offers the subtle elements about the items including, name of the items, the history as well as the portrayal of all items. The data are given in content and numerous items, likewise, have a mixed media recording about the items or things which gives details of its utilization along with history. The data booths likewise provide data about the area of offices and administrations inside the online book shop, for example, the toilets, sustenance stores, parking and online book shop shops. The caretakers need to furnish the online book shop guests with a tablet appliance that will control them all through the boo k shop. The tablet ought to enable a guest to look after a pre-decided manner through the display, yet ought to likewise enable a guest to stroll without aim through the presentation space (Coutaz, 2011). The tablet ought to demonstrate everything on online book shop with a photo of the books, in addition, as much relevant data as the custodians accommodate that book. The logical data may incorporate photos, drawings, outlines of the thing being used, and may likewise incorporate a sight and a sound introduction about the thing. The guests of online book shop ought to have the capacity to scan for a specific thing in the book store and ought to likewise have the capacity to peruse through the whole display utilizing the data available on the tablet. They ought to have the capacity to scan for a specific thing and discover the area of that thing inside the display. In this venture, just the interface plans will be finished. The functionalities of the tablets have now been recommended . Whatever other specialized or useful subtle elements or prerequisites are past the extent of the venture ("Interface design, language, graphics: interpretations of human user interface", 2011). The extent of this venture is restricted to the outlines of tablet interfaces just in light of the functionalities and prerequisites proposed by the state online book shop administration. There is no extent of proposing any new usage yet there is full extension to outline some creative and one of a kind tablet interface plan (Isaac, 2012). Business user requirements User Requirements The most fundamental client prerequisites for good interface ease of use are: High level and straightforward interface arrangements. Simple to explore and investigate (Jeon, 2015). Key assumptions Leading assumptions have been interpreted for the project: The user interface project is just centered on the design parts of the user interfaces. No specialization of utilitarian detail elements of the user interfaces will be surely considered. The cost of the user interface is not a component. Execution criteria is just interface convenience, utilization of computing assets, like power, CPU cycles, memory, has at all not been considered (Jeon, 2015). The tablet user interface will be utilized for pre-characterized purposes for which they are designed. Those won't be utilized as a part of some other works, like, calling, surfing the web and so on. The user interfaces will surely be intuitive (Kahn, Lenk, 2014). Design Process/Principles Availability: Tablet is like a mobile, however, will give some bigger screen zone, which implies that the "home" button can really be a main part of the frame, and not needed to require getting to this dock. Outwardly Simple Elegance: With tablets, the online book shop will follow the portable's lead, yet online book shop do have more space,online book shop can utilize a few illustrations, slopes and adjusted shapes, for somewhat more "profound" appearance, yet maintaining a strategic distance from bitmapped skins. Consistency as well as Spacing: The treatment of tablets should be like the website architecture. Space them at consistent edges, utilize split holders or arrangement fields, and have space for controls to respond well to taps, swipes and drags. Maintain measuring as well as lettering consistency (Lewis, 2011). Unique tablet principles that affect the client experience ought to be considered from the underlying arranging stage through the outline and improvement procedure. These include: The cozy connection amongst clients and their gadgets. Clients can take their tablets all around the online book shop. This makes to utilize the case situations that are not at all like any other gadget. Screen size. The constrained screen estimate assumes a critical part in how data can be viably introduced in the tablet used by guests of the online book shop. Touch-target measure. Controls along with buttons must have the capacity to be effortlessly observed and accessed. Distance amongst controls as well as buttons. Fingers can be cumbersome, as well as the separation between the controls must support, effortlessly clicking, sliding, along with swiping without influencing different controls (Mandel, 2013). Consistent utilization of icons. Utilize icons that clients comprehend, and reliably amongst screens along with pages. Interface design Screen Layouts Component Interface components incorporate, however, are not restricted to: Input Activity: Content fields, buttons checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdown menus, list boxes, flip, date field. Navigational Constituents: Breadcrumb, look field, slider, labels, symbols and pagination,. Informational Constituent: Tooltips, symbols, menu bar, warnings, message boxes, standard windows (Marcus, 2012). Work Flow diagram Best Patterns for Designing an Interface: Everything comes from knowing its clients, considering understanding their goals, aptitudes, inclinations, as well as propensities. When online book shop think about its client, try to view the accompanying procedures when outlining interface: Keep the user interface basic: The high-grade interfaces are practically invisible to the user. They always keep away from the pointless components as well as are very clear in a dialect they utilize on the names. Make consistency well as utilize normal UI components: By apply regular components in UI, online books shop guests feel better and can accomplish things all the more rapidly. It is additionally vital to make suitable designs in dialect, format and outline all through the site to help encourage proficiency. Use of icons as well as task navigation There are several times when various components might be suitable for showing content. At this point when this occurs, it's critical to view the exchanges. Such as, once in a while constituent that can help spare spaces, put many more weight on customers rationally by energetic them to conceive about what is internal the dropdown and what the constituent might be. UI fashioners ought to make different designs for cell phones with shifting screen densities. We should take a case of the ace and subtle elements see, which helps us to comprehend the versatile format planning in a superior way (Torres, 2012). Be intentional in page outline: Consider the attribute connections between books on the page as well as structure the entire page in light of significance. The cautious situation of things can help attract regard for the most critical snippets of data as well as can help examining and decipherability (Yusuf, 2011). Deliberately use shading along with surface: Online book shop can coordinate consideration toward or divert consideration far from things utilizing shading, light, difference, and surface further bolstering good fortune. Utilize typography to make pecking order and clearness: Precisely consider how online book shop utilize interface. Distinctive sizes, text styles, as well as course of activities of the content to help expand scalability, neatness and meaningfulness. Guarantee that the entire framework imparts what's occurring: Always illuminate clients of region, activities, changes in the state. The utilization of different UI components to impart status and, if necessary, next strides can decrease disappointment for online book shop guests. Success criteria The achievement criteria of the venture are: Successful completion of the venture within proper time as well as budget. Ensures meeting all the necessities. Visitors will definitely get an improving and sight and sound based understanding while at the same time going to an ordeal. They will have a tablet and mixed media based direction on a presentation. The tablets with preloaded applications will be useful in discovering course through a presentation, finding a thing, finding an office and so on. Everything is only a couple of "touches" ahead. The user tablets will surely be a perfect virtual IT based partner and manual for guests of the online book shop (Mandel, 2013). Usability Testing and Evaluation Evaluation Aims In a convenience test, online book shop watches and meets clients from online book shop objective gathering, while they are dealing with run of the mill assignment situations for their items. It is critical that the test members are completely illustrative of the clients of the online book shop. Evaluation Methodolgy The expansive members of the online book shop empower to enroll a wide scope of test members, for instance, normal online customer, and an individual from an exceptional word related gathering. The test itself is directed by an accomplished ease of use master. Test audienceand ethical considerations By watching the members, online book shop can recognize convenience issues and dissect how the clients encounter their items. Moreover, oblivious psychological procedures can be envisioned with the assistance of eye following (Jeon, 2015). Users are welcome to watch the test sessions live: online book shop encounter its clients while they are connecting with online book shop item, tune in to their unfiltered sentiments and can see the application through online book shops clients' eyes. It should be obvious, that the assessment ought to be incorporated into all phases of the plan procedure. Analysis methodolgy as well as Procedures The primary reason for the assessment stage is to evaluate the nature of a plan, not in theory, but rather how it fits the clients, addresses their issues and shows all the item's components. Additionally, we ought to distinguish promising regions for development and make some of them. After a few arrangements of cycle from the portrayals, wireframes and mockups to model, after a few talks and meeting to generate new ideas with the clients' partners, end-clients and venture group, as it were, after the assessment, the likelihood of making a decent tablet UI increments is essential. These are the center segments of UI configuration forms (Banga, 2011). Obviously, how they are adjusted, orchestrated or blended, the request in which online book shop do it might vary from venture to extend. By and by, these key ideas are available in all tablet UI plans. We will be to a great degree cheerful to make a decent tablet UI for online book shop items. Along these lines, don't waver to get in t ouch with the online book shop. Convenience assessment method Stipulate convenience assessment goal Find out UI qualities to assess Determine target clients Choose convenience measurements Choose an assessment methodology Interface convenience assessment is a procedure which involves a few exercises in light of the techniques utilized. Visit exercises consider: Buttons: Assembling convenience data, for instance, time to finish assignments, blunders, arrange infringement, and in addition subjective assessments. Investigation: Interpretation of the ease of use data to decide issues or issues in the whole interface. Evaluate: Suggesting exact arrangements and revisions to moderate the issues References Banga, C. (2011).IPhone user interface cookbook(1st ed.). Birmingham: Packet Pub. Blair-Early, A., Zender, M. (2013). User Interface Design Principles for Interaction Design.Design Issues,24(3), 85-107. Bdker, S. (2014). Through the Interface - a Human Activity Approach to User Interface Design.DAIMI Report Series,16(224). Carey. (2011). User differences in interface design.Computer,15(11), 14-20. Coutaz. (2011). Abstractions for user interface design.Computer,18(9), 21-34. Kim, S., Roh, J. (2015). Usability evaluation of temperature regulation smart clothing interface.Global Fashion Management Conference,4(9), 609-609. Radvile, E., Cenys, A., Ramanauskaite, S. (2015). Electroencephalography and Eye Gaze Movement Signals Usage for Estimation of User Interface Usability.Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika,21(5). Schofield, M. (2016). Meaningfully Judging Performance in Terms of User Experience.Weave: Journal Of Library User Experience,1(4). Xavier, M., Mota, R. (2014). Development and Analysis of an Application for Cursor Control through Brain-Machine Interface.Journal Of Technologies And Human Usability,10(1), 17-24. YU, C., SHI, Y. (2012). Optimizing Input Efficiency for Graphical User Interface Using Adaptive Cursors.Journal Of Software,23(9), 2522-2532. Yusuf, L. (2011). User Interface Design and Usability Testing of a Reinforced Concrete Design (RCD) Beam Interface.British Journal Of Mathematics Computer Science,1(1), 16-45 Interface design, language, graphics: interpretations of human user interface. (2011).Applied Ergonomics,24(2), 134. Isaac, C. (2012). User Interface Design User Interface Evaluation.The Computer Journal,38(3), 265-265. Jeon, M. (2015). Auditory User Interface Design.The International Journal Of Design In Society,8(2), 1-16. Jeon, M. (2015). Auditory User Interface Design.The International Journal Of Design In Society,8(2), 1-16. Kahn, P., Lenk, K. (2014). Design: principles of typography for user interface design.Interactions,5(6), 15. Lewis, J. (2011).Practical speech user interface design(1st ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Mandel, T. (2013).Elements of user interface design(1st ed.). New York: John Wiley. Marcus, A. (2012). Dare we define user-interface design?.Interactions,9(5). Morris, J. (2011).Android user interface development(1st ed.). Birmingham, UK: Packt Pub. Torres, R. (2012).Practitioner's handbook for user interface design and development(1st ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR. Yusuf, L. (2011). User Interface Design and Usability Testing of a Reinforced Concrete Design (RCD) Beam Interface.British Journal Of Mathematics Computer Science,1(1), 16-45.

Preparing Teachers of Second Language Reading

Introduction Janzen’s research study (2007) is based on the assumption that language is a complex process, which enables people to communicate with each other. The article is motivated by what Janzen perceives as a glaring gap that exists in the professional experience of teacher educators. Students’ success in state schools is closely tied to their ability to read effectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preparing Teachers of Second Language Reading specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article tries to answer questions that relate to issues that practising teachers deem very important in teaching ELLs (English language learners) and how these issues compare with the previously identified topics in the research literature and methods books. The article also tries to answer questions relating to the approaches to reading instructions that teachers use in their classroom settings. Finally, the ar ticle seeks to answer questions that border on how the answers to the above-mentioned questions can be integrated into a methods course for teachers of ELLs. The paper was chosen because it addresses important issues facing reading for English learners. What is interesting in the paper is how the author brings out the difficulties experienced by English readers because I thought reading in English was simple. I chose to critique this article because I, as a second language learner and as someone who has taught many second language learners, believe that this group of learners usually relies on reading and reading materials to learn, rather than gaining input from other skills such as listening or speaking. Reading provides learners with information, which they can use at their convenience, and they can look at the text and look for vocabulary, which will help them to understand the subject, whereas this is not possible when listening to a lecture or in conversation. This has made Ja nzen’s research, which is about preparing English teachers in the area of teaching reading skills to non-native English speakers, very interesting for me and was the reason that I decided to evaluate and analyse it.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Summary of the article Teacher educators encounter numerous problems related to reading when it comes to preparing teachers of English language learners (ELLs) (Janzen, 2007 and Day and Bamford, 1998). Academic performance and the success of ELLs hinges on their reading skills. Therefore, reading skills and reading instructions should be given high priority in methods courses by teacher educators (Cummins 2000). This article captures topics, which teacher educators can include in methods courses to address the reading and reading instruction problems. Interviews were conducted in various schools about reading and observations done in the classroom situation within a span of two years. Six critical issues were identified that were very important to teachers of English language learners (Janzen 2007). These were: integrating learner proficiencies; making use of materials; making use of instructional practices in the field of decoding, writing, and thematic teaching; making students to develop a love of reading; satisfying demands of both teachers and the school; and working with students whose proficiency in English is limited or those who were instructed in their first language in their formative years in school. Issues raised by the practising teachers interviewed were compared with observations from the research literature. Comparisons are also made with methods textbooks (Day and Bamford 1998). The study took place in an urban school in the Midwestern United States. The study was conducted within a timeframe of two years. Of the 5000 students who attended the school, 360 were identified as ELLs, 13 of whom spo ke different L1s. Spanish language dominated the count, followed by Kurdish. Of the 7 teachers who worked with ELLs in the district, six were interviewed and observed in their classroom. The interview questions were designed to investigate the background of the teachers, the student backgrounds, the teacher practices and their beliefs pertaining to reading instructions for ELLs. After taping the interviews, they were transcribed. An interview lasted for an average of one hour. Classroom situations for the six teachers were also observed and for purposes of the research, 36 visits were made. Other visits were made for the purpose of observing student teachers. Observations lasted for between 45 minutes to one hour. The author’s research interests include ELLs in mainstream education. Teachers who took part in this study were licensed ELL teachers with ESL certificates from their respective states. Each teacher was responsible for more than 50 students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preparing Teachers of Second Language Reading specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An analysis of interview transcripts comments were put in general topic areas such as school administration and material use. When a comment addressed more than one topic, it was put in both areas. In choosing categories, topics that teachers did not explicitly describe as important, as well as those that were not explicitly described as vital but all mentioned, were selected. After going through the transcripts, initial drafts of the article were cross checked with the data to ascertain if teacher concerns were accurately represented. Six categories that featured prominently from the analysis were addressed by the teachers. The categories included use of materials, how learner proficiency in classroom situation can be handled, instructional practices, developing a love of reading among students, how ELLs can cooperate with ma instream teachers and cope with school demands, and working with students who received instructions in their formative stages in school in languages other than English. Information related to each topic was corroborated by research and pedagogical literature. In analyzing the classroom situation, approaches, techniques, and situations common to the six classrooms were identified. Correspondences and disjunctions on the three pieces of data were looked at. Interview transcripts, reviews of published material and the field notes obtained from observations were also used. The study noted, in relation to working with students with different proficiency levels, that all teachers who took part in this study had learners with varying proficiency levels. Some spoke English for the first time in school, others had mixed proficiency levels, whereas others had limited command of English. The school schedule interfered with the times when students were attending classes. This made it difficult for teachers of students in junior high to work with their groups. Theirs is very limited literature that touches on working with students with varying proficiency. However, cooperative learning has been fronted as a form of reading instruction for students at different academic levels. Other favourable techniques include literature circles and structured instructions. Materials for learning were chosen depending on the desire of the teacher. Teachers who took part in the research opted for texts that support students and prepare them for learning in mainstream classes. Materials that focussed on farming or aviation were selected. Texts that connected to particular student backgrounds were also favoured. No single texts were therefore, relied on.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Available literature on materials emphasizes use of culturally relevant texts. It is easier to teach students reading and reading instruction from their cultural perspective than trying to do it in a foreign language. Issue of genre is also gaining currency when it comes to choice of materials as purported by Derewianka, Macken-Horarik, and Reppen. Four elementary school teachers were unanimous in the need for developing decoding skills, as were middle school teachers. Approaches and time spent on decoding did depend on the past experiences and the individual institution. A middle primary school teacher emphasized the whole-language approach. However, junior school teachers never worked on decoding with their students but encouraged reading aloud on a regular basis. This was not the best of the things to do, as decoding should be encouraged at formative stages in school. This is when their pronunciation was corrected. The decoding ability has widely been studied and researchers have concurred on the importance of bottom-up processing skills and skills transfer across languages in L2 reading. There is also sufficient literature on efficacy of phonics instruction for ELLs and how they can be used to help children in knowing how to decode words. Pertaining to writing skills, the teachers never articulated theories of literacy except for one who expressed her belief on interconnection of reading and writing abilities. To activate prior knowledge before reading, teachers used graphic organizers, story retelling, and reading logs. Available literature gives credence to journals and graphic organizers. Vocabulary development and overall comprehension were mentioned as goals for reading comprehension as they contributed to the students’ general academic success. In vocabulary classes, instruction was done using stories. Credence has been given to importance of vocabulary knowledge and utility of vocabulary instruction in L2 reading in many studies that have bee n conducted especially those addressed to K-12 teachers. Recent studies allude that focussed vocabulary instruction can positively impact vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. Despite the fact that the interview questions did not mention thematic teaching, teachers did refer to the topic in response to different questions. Teachers did use thematic units and materials in their classroom set up. They used it because it supported students’ work in mainstream classes. Pedagogical literature has extensively talked about thematic reading as being most effective in teaching ELLs in public schools because it enhances vocabulary learning and to a greater extent academic success. Teachers used texts that connected with students cultural backgrounds to encourage reading. In terms of cooperation with mainstream teachers, the teachers decried the added responsibilities that they had to shoulder. Teachers noted that first language knowledge was very critical for a studentâ€℠¢s success in mainstream examinations. With regard to observation in ESOL classrooms, the classrooms were generally a positive atmosphere for learning. However, there were some notable cases of indiscipline. Generally, the students were engaged and teachers supportive. The article demonstrates that L2 reading instruction uses themes while emphasizing vocabulary, writing and decoding. The learners should also enjoy reading their native literature as this enhances their vocabulary learning. Materials used in reading and reading instructions should be flexible depending on the background of a student and their inherent abilities. The goal of teacher instruction to learners should be to make them succeed in their mainstream classes. Despite the fact that vision of instruction is generally supported by research, concerns about working with learners with varied proficiency levels have not been adequately addressed as are learners with limited L1 knowledge because materials used in reading and reading instructions are inflexible. Reference List Cummins, J. 2000. Language, power, and pedagogy. Bilingual children in the crossfire.  Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Day, R. R., Bamford, J. 1998. Extensive reading in the second language classroom.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Janzen, J. 2007. Preparing Teachers of Second Language Reading.Tesol Quarterly, 41 (4): pp. 707-729. This essay on Preparing Teachers of Second Language Reading was written and submitted by user Beetle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.